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Pet Animal Nutrition
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Dr.
Chitwan Kawatra
B.V.Sc
& A.H
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Energy: Protein, Fat
& Carbohydrate are necessary substrates for production of energy in
body for various metabolic r and to provide body heat.
Measuring
Energy:
-
Gross Energy: Total energy content
of food is measured by bomb calorimetry.
-
DE = GE FE
-
ME = DE Urinary E
Influences on caloric requirement:
-
Physiological State: - Relative to
adult dog a growing up pup requires as much as 2-4 times more energy
per pound body weight.
·
As pup approaches adult
food caloric required for maintenance are reduced.
·
For reproducing female
caloric requirement at end of gastation and during early lactation can
be 2-4 times greater than that of adult maintenance requirement.
-
Breed Differences: - Small breed
dogs grow to a mature weight which is upto 30 times greater than
birth weight.
-
Small breed dog category include
mature wt less than 20 pounds
-
Medium breed dog 20-50 pounds
-
Large breed dog 50-100 pounds
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Giant breed dog above 100 pounds
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Large, fast growing dog breed
require less per pound food of body weight than small breed.
-
To relate energy need to body
size, energy standards for dog are usually established by body
weight.
-
Individual animal can vary diet
according to their body weight or these standards.
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Dog, mature less than 20 pounds,
requires approximately 50 Kcal ME/lb of body weight/day
-
Dog mature below 20-50 lb requires
approximately 30-40 cal ME/lb/day
-
Dog mature greater than 50 lb
requires 20-30 cal ME/lb/day
-
Enviornment & Activity: -
·
During hot weather
energy need decreases and less food required.
·
During cold weather
energy need increases and more food required to maintain body
temperature.
·
During seasons of
conditioning and hard work, individual dogs energy requirement will be
more than maintenance.
·
Hard working dog
requires more energy / lb body weight during when they are training or
working.
·
Hard working dog
includes hunting dog, racing dog, sheep heirding dogs.
·
Feeding increases
calorie, nut dense food to dogs when they are not training or working
could contribute excessive weight gain unless appropriate adjustment
is done in ant of feed.
·
Growing puppy require 2
times as much energy / unit body weight as adult dog of some breed.
·
The newly weaned (4-6
weeks) dog can readily adopt to their level feeding particularly when
food offered in multiple meals. However, on decreasing to 1.6 times
maintenance is recommended when 40% of adult body weight is achieved
and 1-2 times maintenance when 80% of adult weight is reached. This
reduction compensates for decline in energy from weaning to adult
age.
·
Excessive nut intake
from weaning to adolesence is incompetible with proper skelatal
development because of maximum growth rates.
·
Energy requirement of
normal pregnant bitch are only slightly more than its maintenance
requirement for first 2/3rd of gastation. During last
triamerter energy requirements may increase to as much as 150 160 %
of preconception values.
·
Energy requirement
during lactation increases greatly and are influenced by size of
litter
·
Bitches are with large
litters require 3 or more time of maintenance energy. So foods of high
nutrient are recommended for feeding this time.
ME Requirement/day
Maintenance 132 Kcal/kg
Growing 264 Kcal/kg
Adolescence 200 Kcal/kg
Pregnancy 188 Kcal/kg
Lactation 470 Kcal/kg
Energy food requirements for dogs
|
B.Wt |
ME Requirement (Kcal/kg wt) |
Daily Ration (g) |
|
|
|
91% DM |
30% DM |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
141 |
35 |
118 |
|
2 |
117 |
58 |
195 |
|
3 |
105 |
79 |
262 |
|
4 |
97 |
97 |
323 |
|
5 |
91 |
114 |
380 |
|
6 |
87 |
130 |
433 |
|
7 |
84 |
146 |
487 |
|
8 |
81 |
161 |
537 |
|
9 |
78 |
175 |
583 |
|
10 |
75 |
189 |
630 |
|
20 |
62 |
313 |
1040 |
|
30 |
56 |
423 |
1410 |
|
40 |
52 |
523 |
1740 |
|
50 |
49 |
613 |
2043 |
ME Requirement for Labrador bitch
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|
Age |
Energy Required (Kcal/kg wt) |
|
3 months |
900 |
|
6 months |
1800 |
|
9 months |
2200 |
|
12 months |
2000 |
|
15 months |
2000 |
|
18 months |
2000 |
|
Conception |
2000 |
|
Whelping Lactation (5 pups) |
5300 |
|
Dry period |
1900 |
|
Whelping Lactation (9 pups) |
6500 |
|
Old age (11 years) |
2000 |
|
12 years |
1900 |
|
13 years |
1800 |
|
14 years |
1700 |
*Protein
Essential nutrient serve functions in
body like muscle growth tissue repair.
Enzyme, blood, immune function,
hormone, energy.
Definition: - A group of amino acid
linked to each other in different quantity and sequence.
*Precise combination of Amino Acid
which is specific for protein of specific nature.
Dietary protein
ΰ
Digested (Stomach, SI)ΰ
Free A.A.
ΰ
absorbed in to blood stream
ΰ
Distributed to cell of body utilized to build body protein.
20 A.A are present in nature and out
of them 10 are essential for dog.
Essential Amino Acid: - Arginine,
isoleucine, Lysine, Leucine, Histidine, Methionine, Tryptophan, Valine,
Phenylalanine and Threonine.
Protein Requirement of Dogs:
-
Depends on life stage and activity
of dog
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Pups require more dietary protein
than adult
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Pups require 20 25%
-
Geriatric dogs require about 50%
greater than younger adult dogs.
Protein Deficiency:
Poor food intake, growth retardation,
weight loss, subnormal concentration of body protein, muscle wasting,
emaciation & death.
In less severe deficiency rough,
dull hair coat, compromised function of immune system, poor milk
production in reproducing bitches.
Inadequate protein reserve:
Appear healthy but susceptible to
stresses and infection, susceptibility to toxic compound or cancer
causing agents.
During stress protein requirement
increases.
eg. dog 1600 kcal/lb of food atleast
21% protein (dry type dog food) recommended for reproduction.
Hardworking dogs require higher level
of calorie and fat. As calorie level increase, protein content in diet
increase.
Weight reduction (low calorie) diets
formulated for sedentary dogs contain low fat, decrease calorie and
decrease protein level. Increase % of crude fibre. This diet is not
appropriate for young, growing, pups, pregnant, nursing.
Source:
Animal
and Plants: Most protein contain inadequate amount of A.A (one or
more) and properly utilize as a sole source of meeting protein need
except milk and egg protein.
Eg: Soybean meal and corn supplement
is perfect because of definition of one source compensated by other
source.
Plant Protein: Properly processed and
well balanced
ΰ
good for all phases dogs life.
Protein Digestibility:
Factors affecting
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Level of protein
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Protein digestibility / availability
eg. 21% with 85% digestibility == 23%
protein with 78% digestibility
With protein level, quality control
during processing of pet food is important.
Excessive Protein:
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Extra protein metabolized and used
for energy
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Unlike fat, excess protein is not
stored in body
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Once demand is filled, protein goes
to fat production.
Deficiency :
Decrease appetite, poor growth, weight
loss , rough and dull hair coat.
Decrease immune function and
reproductive performance
Decrease milk production.
Protein requirement per day
For maintenance 4.8 g/kg body weight
For growth 9.6 g/kg body weight
Recommended minimum dietary level of
nutrients for dog in 100 g DM in commercial pet food
Protein For dog 22g / 100g DM
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AAFCO
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Dog food nutrient profile |
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Nutrient % |
Gwt & Reproduction (min) |
Adult Maintenance (min) |
|
1. |
Protein |
22.0 |
18.0 |
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2. |
Arginine |
0.62 |
0.51 |
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3. |
Histidine |
0.22 |
0.18 |
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4. |
Isoleucine |
0.45 |
0.37 |
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5. |
Leucine |
0.72 |
0.59 |
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6. |
Lysine |
0.77 |
0.63 |
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7. |
Methionine cystein |
0.53 |
0.43 |
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8. |
Phenylalanine tyrosine |
0.89 |
0.73 |
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9. |
Phenylalanine |
-- |
-- |
|
10. |
Threonine |
0.58 |
0.48 |
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11. |
Tryptophan |
0.82 |
0.16 |
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12. |
Valine |
0.48 |
0.39 |
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13. |
Methionine |
-- |
-- |
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Lysine is 1st limiting
A.A in canine diet and should be added as synthetic lysine or
Soybean meal.
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Methionine, Threnine, Isoleucine may
be limiting A.A depending on diet.
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Protein Supplements Soybean meal,
cornglutan meal, meat and bone meal, & poultry byproduct meal
Cereal Product very low
digestibility (50%)
Animal Protein Egg, meat, milk (95%)
About 15% good quality protein on DM
basis (3.5 4.0 Mcal/Kg DM) is adequate for dogs diet to take care of
E.A.A.
Carbohydrate
ΰ
Converted in fats
Functions:
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Provide Energy
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Digested by enzyme in SI or gut and
in dog provide 40 50% of total energy in diet.
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Carbohydrate make 40-55% of dry
diets.
Source:
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Cereals corn, oat, wheat, rice,
barley.
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Milling Product Corn gluten meal,
oat meal, wheat middling, rice hulls.
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Milk Products Dried skim milk,
dried whey
Fibers:
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Complex Carbohydrate, not digestible
in SI of dog
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Partially degraded by normal micro
flora of LI.
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Fibres are Cellulose,
hemicelluloses, Lignine, Pectine, gums, waxes, mucilage. Increase
fibre, stronger cell wall.
Functions:
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Swell H2O, have high H2O
holding capacity. Influence rate of passage in GIT.
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Increase dietary bulk, cause stomach
distension, cause animal to eat lesser calorie.
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Slowing stomach empting , decrease
diarrhea, increase constipation.
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Protection Mechanism fiber binds
with some toxins and prevent their absorption.
Excessive dietary fibers:
Adverse effect as production of loose stool volume and frequency
decrease dietary calorie density.
Diabetes Mellitus:
Diseases of Carbohydrate metabolism
resulting from inadequate insulin secretion from pancreases.
Increase thirst, increase appetite,
weakness, weight loss, increase urination.
Managed by insulin therapy regulation
of food intake & exercise
Carbohydrate Metabolism:

Bitch Milk 3.2 % lactose
Queen Milk 4.9% lactose
Optimum Crude Fiber
Dog - 3.5%
Soluble fibre
ΰ
increase capacity to absorb H2O
ΰ
serve as source of ME (fermentation in colon)
Fat
1)
Length of chain
2)
Presence or absence of double bond
3)
No of double bond
4)
Position of double bond
5)
Melting point
Requirement:
Dogs Essential Fatty Acids (EFA)
Linoleic acid only
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